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31.
The effects of weaning on beef calves of different ages were investigated. Forty male and 40 female calves were either weaned at 6 (W6, n = 40) or 8 (W8, n = 40) months of age. The vocalization activity and behaviors (feeding, lying and standing/walking) were observed during the first 3 days following weaning. Body weight was recorded at 6 and 8 months and 2 weeks following weaning. W6 animals vocalized more often than W8 calves and females more than males on day 1 (P < 0.05). The vocalization activity decreased at a higher rate in W8 than in W6 from days 1 to 3. On day 2, W6 calves spent less time lying and more standing/walking than W8 calves (P < 0.05). The behaviors did not differ between males and females. The average daily gain after weaning did not differ between weaning ages (P > 0.05), but W8 calves gained more from 6 to 8 months of age. In conclusion, weaning distress was more pronounced in W6 than in W8 calves. W8 calves also had a superior growth performance during 6 to 8 months of age. The effect of the calves' sex was less pronounced. Therefore, it is recommended to wean beef calves later than 6 months of age. 相似文献
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Lifting for handling and flatbed truck transportation to the job site are important processes during manufacture of prefabri-cated wooden construction units like mini homes and building modules. Significant damage can occur to sections or components of units during these operations. Although damage usually will not impair its structural safety, it is costly to fix and causes the public to perceive prefabricated wooden buildings as low quality products. Field observations and preliminary numerical models for prefabri-cated units subject to lifting and transportation forces are summarized here. Once fully developed and verified, models will support the creation of damage mitigation strategies centered on structural details indicating how units are to be supported during lifting and transportation. 相似文献
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拉市海越冬末期斑头雁行为的初步研究 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
2004年2月18日~3月14对在拉市海越冬斑头雁的行为进行了研究,采用瞬时扫描方法进行行为取样,并对其在越冬地的行为进行观察记录。结果表明:斑头雁通常是早上7:30后飞离夜栖地,傍晚19:30以后从主要活动地飞回夜栖地。观察后期(3月7~13日)与观察前期(2月18~25日)相比,其飞离夜栖地的时间提前约20分钟,而从觅食地飞回夜栖地的时间则要晚10~25分钟。斑头雁无论取食还是夜栖,都喜集群,通常还有其他鸟类与斑头雁混群,如赤麻鸭等。3月初,有部分斑头雁开始北迁,大部分北迁是在3月中旬。越冬末期斑头雁行为时间的分配率为取食35.01%、静栖34.95%、警戒13.88%、运动8.35%、理羽6.77%、饮水0.63%、社群行为0.41%,所占比例依次减少。经对斑头雁在陆地和水域生境中的行为样本分别进行计算,表明斑头雁在这两种生境中有不同的行为时间分配模式。在陆地里,斑头雁的主要行为是取食(约占47%),而在水域中,斑头雁的主要行为是静栖(约占46%),表明斑头雁的食物主要是从陆地中获取。在一天中,斑头雁的不同行为出现的高峰时间不同,取食高峰时间和警戒高峰时间在早上9:00至10:00和傍晚17:30~19:15;静栖高峰时间在14:00~17:00;运动高峰时间在10:30~12:30;理羽高峰时间在14:30~17:00。 相似文献
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Chi?De-fuEmail author Rafael?Ocete?Rubio Yan?Shan-chun Zhang?Dan-dan Wen?Zhen-hong 《林业研究》2002,13(4):255-259
Four-armed airflow olfactometer was used to determining the foraging behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) andEncarsia gigas (Tshumakova) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to the essential oils which emitted from the healthy bark ofPopulus pseudo-simonii×P. nigra, the infested bark injured byQuadraspidiotus gigas (Thiem & Gerneck), the body and scale of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas. The results from these experiments showed that the volatile oils produced from the injured bark and from the scale of fixed
1st-instar-nymph had a higher attractive ability to female adults of the two species of wasps. The essential oil produced
from the scale of the pest at dosages of 3–7 μL and the essential oil emitted by injured bark at dosages of 5–9 μL had a stronger
alluring effect on the host searching behavior ofPteroptrix longgiclava. The essential oil from the body of fixed 1st-instar-nymph ofQ. gigas also had certain effect on the host locating effort ofPteroptrix longgiclava andEncarsia gigas. Those two wasps did not shown any reaction to the essential oil produced by the healthy bark of poplar.
Foundation item: This paper was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (39970620) and the “TRAPOYT”
Biography: CHI De-fu (1962-), male, Ph.D., Professor in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai 相似文献
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MA-SEBS as compatibilizer and impact modifier was incorporated into Polypropylene/Wood Fiber (PP/WF) to enhance interface adhesion and impact strength of the composite. The effect of MA-SEBS content on the impact fracture behavior of PP/WF composites was studied. The impact properties of composites with 8% MA-SEBS reached the maximum value. And further increasing of MA-SEBS content to 10% did not improve the fracture toughness, but improved the stiffness of composites by DMA analysis. This was attributed to the improved PP/WF adhesion. As the MA-SEBS content is more than 8%, the molecule interaction of PP and WF was expected to much stronger than lower MA-SEBS. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to analyze the impact fracture surface and showed a stronger affinity for the wood surfaces. 相似文献
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